Chinese media report that China is putting weight behind constructing a new-type power system, described in policy terms as broadening the foundation of energy security.

As solar and wind capacity has grown quickly, managing variability rather than raising output has become the task, since generation rises and falls with wind and sunlight.

Policy accordingly splits three ways: expanding inter-regional transmission, enlarging storage including pumped hydro and batteries, and shifting the timing of demand.

Long-distance transmission of power generated in the west to consuming regions in the east is a long-standing task, with ultra-high-voltage technology deployed continuously to reduce losses.

In storage, falling battery prices act as a variable. Analysts note that fire safety, lifespan management and systems for handling spent batteries must be put in order alongside.

Demand is rising from data centres and electric-vehicle charging. Observers describe a phase in which supply and demand are undergoing structural change at the same time.